Two Shall Be Born (1924) - informacje o filmie w bazie Filmweb.pl. Oceny, recenzje, obsada, dyskusje wiadomo Lena kept the diary when she was about 16 years old and describes her stays in two different homes for. That is a nite I shall never. Digital History ID 1116. The immigrant shall furnish two copies of his photograph to the. An immigrant who was born in the Dominion of. Consider and remember always thtlt the books that shall be opened on the last day will contain geneaLogies in. Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months. Winston Churchill was a member of the freemasons and a member of. Palace Law of Succession. The Palace Law of Succession, Buddhist Era 2. Thai: . Succession matters prior to the end of absolute monarchy in 1. Ayutthaya period from the 1. In 1. 92. 4, King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) attempted to clarify the succession process by laying down the Palace Law of Succession. It was promulgated and came into effect in November 1. Thai monarchical regime and to systematically resolve previous controversies. In 1. 93. 2, after Siam became a constitutional monarchy, various amendments relating to succession were introduced. The 1. 99. 7 Constitution of Thailand relied on the law with regards to succession, but the 2. Interim Constitution made no mention of succession, leaving it to . The preamble of the 2. Thailand abrogated the 2. Constitution, with the exception of chapter 2, concerning the monarchy and the succession. Background. Rather, it provided a frame of reference from which the next king could be chosen. Typically, the new king would be either the late king's son born of a major queen or consort (Thai: . At least one third of Ayutthaya's royal successions involved bloodshed. Indeed, the history of the kingdom at that time is a chronicle of frequent usurpations and of ambitious men thwarting the final wishes of recently departed kings. He, however, alienated the ecclesiastical support to secure the legitimacy of his reign, and was overthrown in a palace coup. His chief military commander, then on an expedition to enforce recognition of his friend and king by the current ruler of Cambodia, hastened to the rescue. When apprised of the full seriousness of situation, however, he concurred in the overthrow and founded the Royal House of Chakri as King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (later styled Rama I, reigned 1. Then, following the precedent of the newly crowned King Wareru of the 1. Siam commissioned scholars to collect and revise laws from the Ayutthaya era. The Code of Wareru is reflected in successive codes, but the Siamese went beyond it to establish a true code of laws. Succession under the Three Seals Code took into account the potential of the next king to be, as prescribed by ancient Buddhist texts, a dhammaraja (righteous king). This was manifested in his upholding of the Ten Virtues (p. At a special council of senior members of royalty and officials, it was agreed that King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai or Rama II (reigned 1. The assembly chose a son born of Rama II and a royal consort, a prince who had a proven record, over the king's much younger and less experienced half- brother, Prince Mongkut, who had recently been ordained as a monk. Although as the son of a full queen, Prince Mongkut might have had a superior claim to the throne in terms of lineage, he remained in the temple. This averted a potential succession crisis and any conflict with King Nangklao or Rama III (reigned 1. In the eyes of some Westerners, it appeared that new king had usurped the throne. As his health continued to deteriorate in 1. A foreign observer of the time recounted that: . Over the 2. 7 years of Rama III's reign, the royal monk had become the leader of a Buddhist reform order. When considering his heir, Rama III had reportedly expressed reservations about the princes who might succeed him. If Prince Mongkut became king, Rama III feared he might order the Sangha (community of monks) to dress in the style of the . He also ordered monks in his order to discontinue any practices considered unorthodox or foreign. According to historian David K. Wyatt, who cites an account given by Prince Mongkut to American missionary Dan Beach Bradley about two weeks before Rama III died, the assembly resolved to protect the claims to the throne of Prince Mongkut and his talented younger brother, Prince Chudamani. As it came to pass, when Rama III passes away, Prince Mongkut becomes king Rama IV, reigned 1. In the Chakri dynasty, there were three previous holders of the office . The latter was the only Chakri Front Palace to succeed as king, as Rama II. King Mongkut left the position of second king open after Phra Pinklao died in 1. It selected 1. 5- year- old Prince Chulalongkorn, the oldest son of King Mongkut, and Chao Phraya Sri Suriyawongse, a leading member of the powerful Bunnag family, was appointed regent. The council also named the son of the former second king, Prince Yodyingyot (1. In the Front Palace crisis of 1. King Chulalongkorn (Rama V, reigned 1. Prince Yodyingyot sought refuge in the British consulate and, after lengthy negotiations, his troops were disarmed and the prince allowed to return to the Front Palace. The investiture came well ahead of any expected succession. It was not surprising that the king at this time should choose a modified system of primogeniture to designate his heir apparent. A succession crisis might have left Siam vulnerable to interference from predatory, encroaching Western colonial powers. After the premature death of Crown Prince Maha Vajirunhis, his younger half brother, Prince Vajiravudh was invested as crown prince in 1. King Chulalongkorn, acceded to the throne. Based on his own experience as heir, King Vajiravudh knew that his father had wanted to institute a more ordered system of succession on the basis of primogeniture which unequivocally designated a crown prince. During his reign, he set the precedent for numbering Kings of Thailand as . By the end of 1. 92. Prince Prajadhipok, was still alive. As a result, Wyatt writes that, . This situation provided important impetus for drafting the Palace Law of Succession or kot monthienban wa duai kansubsantatiwong in 1. This law which continues to provide the framework for succession today, confirmed the primacy of the lineage of King Chulalongkorn and Queen Saovabha, as well as the king's sole and authentic right to choose his successor. It also made the determination of succession as legally precise and binding as possible. When kings have died, the vying for royal power has opened an opportunity for persons .. It has also been the opportunity for enemies, both internal and external, to think of doing harm to the royal family and the freedom of Siam. The king has thus desired to have a law determining succession in order to reduce the trouble of contending . The important principles established by the law concern the king's right to name or remove an heir apparent, the procedures to be used if the king has not named an heir apparent, and also a description of the suitable characteristics for an heir to the throne. The reigning king has absolute power to name any royal male as heir apparent, and upon being announced publicly, the . When the necessary time comes, the said heir shall immediately ascend the throne to succeed the late king in accordance with the latter's wish. The king also has absolute power to remove an heir apparent from the position. Anyone who has been removed from the position of heir to the throne shall be considered as broken from . His sons and his entire lineage of direct descendants shall also be excluded from the line of succession. The king has the sole power and prerogative to exclude any member of the royalty from the line of succession. Section 8 and 9 lay out the processes by which a new king is determined when the king dies with no heir apparent designated. In such case, the chief state official is to invite the first in line of succession to be king. Section 9 was set out . Below are the first six levels. The first- born son of the king and queen; The first- born son of the said prince and his royal consort; Younger sons, in order, of the said prince and his royal consort; The second- born son of the king and queen when the first- born son is deceased and has no male children; The first- born son of the second- born son of the king and queen if the second- born son is deceased; Younger sons, in order, of the second- born son . This Section is not really so much a law as a piece of advice. Therefore any member of the royalty whom the multitude holds as loathsome, such person should foreswear the path to succession in order to remove the worry from the king and the people from the realm. Procedures were also put in place for future kings to amend the law. They are advised to keep in mind that the law was written to strengthen the dynasty, and that amendments required approval from two- thirds of the Privy Council. The 1. 92. 4 Palace Law of Succession was put into effect the following year with the accession of King Prajadhipok (Rama VII, reigned 1. He had never been groomed for the throne, nor had he ever expected to accede or aspired to doing so. He had spent most of his adult life in military schools (Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in England and L'. When his older brother died late the following year, he was at the top of the succession list and became Siam's last absolute monarch. King Prajadhipok wrote in 1. Siam: . For example, if the king did not designate his own successor, the throne was to go to one of his sons. King Prajadhipok remarked, . But there were four ranks of queen, and this arrangement was complicated by the fact that the rank of a queen could either be raised or lowered . Thus several people could still make competitive claims to the throne. King Prajadhipok observed: . This followed the European concept of primogeniture with added difference that whilst in Europe all male offspring would have their place in the line of succession, in Thailand rights of succession are only to be found in the male offspring who are descended from the King by royal consorts. King Vajiravudh also clearly outlines the various groups of consorts and grants rights of succession to their descendants in order of the seniority of the title of the consort . The system applies equally to his own reign as to all previous and future reigns of the Chakri Dynasty. Thus, if the line of the reigning King fails, on his death one searches amongst the line of his predecessor for an heir, and if that line has failed, amongst the line of his predecessor.
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